Endoscopic management of pancreatic collections. Endoscopic Ultrasound Group from the Spanish Society of Digestive Endoscopy (GSEED-USE) Clinical Guidelines.

Acute pancreatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It can develop complications such as fluid collections and necrosis. Infection of necrosis occurs in about 20-40% of patients with severe acute pancreatitis, and is associated with organ failure and worse prognosis. In the past years, the treatment of pancreatic collections has shifted from open surgery to minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscopic ultrasound guided drainage. These guidelines from a selection of experts among the Endoscopic Ultrasound Group from the Spanish Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (GSEED-USE) have the purpose to provide advice on the management of pancreatic collections based on a thorough review of the available scientific evidence. It also reflects the experience and clinical practice of the authors, who are advanced endoscopists or clinical pancreatologists with extensive experience in managing patients with acute pancreatitis.

Coffee ground emesis and early endoscopy: Is timing actually relevant? / Vómitos en posos de café y valoración endoscópica precoz. ¿Es realmente el tiempo la clave?

OBJECTIVE: Coffee ground vomiting is a classical symptom of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, the clinical usefulness is limited, due to the low positive predictive value. Our goal is to determine if whether an urgent endoscopy does modify our therapeutic management with a real impact on survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It is a retrospective, observational and descriptive study. We selected all patients that underwent a gastroscopy in our center for coffee ground vomiting over the last 4 years (2017-2021). Two groups were established: urgent endoscopy (first 24h) and scheduled (over 24h). Then we studied differences between both groups regarding survival, ICU admission, hospitalization days and rebleeding. RESULTS: Three hundred and fourteen patients were identified, from which 276 were included, with 176 belonging to the urgency group and 109 to the scheduled group. There were no differences in the ICU admission, hospitalization days, survival or rebleeding after 30 days. There were no differences either in the number of potentially bleeding lesions or the need of endoscopic therapeutic. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee ground vomiting, without any other data supporting upper gastrointestinal bleeding, does not represent a reliable indicator. Performing urgent endoscopy is not beneficial in terms of morbimortality. Therefore, a more conservative strategy would allow to differ endoscopy, decreasing risks and reducing costs, without affecting the prognosis.

Bariatric endoscopy, care-curative medicine and legal conflicts. Spanish Bariatric Endoscopy Group (Gettemo-SEED) Positioning.

Bariatric endoscopy treats obesity as a disease, in addition to its multiple associated comorbidities, so it should be considered in the "care-curative" field and not as "satisfying, voluntary or outcoming" medicine. Insufficient weight loss cases, or complications may occur. This, in parallel with the greater diffusion of these techniques, results an increase in the risk of complaints and judicial claims, which will presumably grow during next years. In this sense, we consider that all Bariatric Endoscopic Units working with medical-scientific rigor, must be able to be accredited and have legal support by the Scientific Societies. We propose to create a Medical-Legal Advisory Committee, composed of a medical team and a specialized law firm, which allows advising and guiding the endoscopist when incurring in a conflict.

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease: limits of medical treatment and surgical indications.

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) have long been considered as the ideal treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and their limitations and side effects have revealed a need for new therapeutic approaches. At present, the therapeutic gains achieved are relatively small or limited to groups of patients with specific characteristics. This article updates the contributions, indications, and limitations of pharmacological, endoscopic, and surgical treatment.

Surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus after complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia

A 55-year-old Caucasian male with a long history of smoking and reflux disease underwent endoscopic evaluation for dyspepsia. During upper endoscopy, a 4 cm long Barrett's segment with an 8 mm nodular lesion was detected. The lesion was removed en-bloc by endoscopic mucosal resection and biopsies were taken from the adjacent columnar epithelium. The histology of the lesion revealed high-grade dysplasia with clear resection margins and no lymphovascular invasion. The remaining biopsies did not show any dysplastic changes. He subsequently underwent three sequential sessions of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to eradicate the remaining Barrett's epithelium. When this type of case presents to the clinic for follow-up, what do you do next?

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Surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus after complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia.

A 55-year-old Caucasian male with a long history of smoking and reflux disease underwent endoscopic evaluation for dyspepsia. During upper endoscopy, a 4 cm long Barrett's segment with an 8 mm nodular lesion was detected. The lesion was removed en-bloc by endoscopic mucosal resection and biopsies were taken from the adjacent columnar epithelium. The histology of the lesion revealed high-grade dysplasia with clear resection margins and no lymphovascular invasion. The remaining biopsies did not show any dysplastic changes. He subsequently underwent three sequential sessions of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to eradicate the remaining Barrett's epithelium. When this type of case presents to the clinic for follow-up, what do you do next?

Fulminant gastrointestinal ischemia due to yeyunal volvulus

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Fulminant gastrointestinal ischemia due to yeyunal volvulus.

Jejunal volvules are a very rare condition, barely reported in the literature, that occur in relation to congenital (eg, intestinal duplication) or acquired disorders (eg, diaphragmatic hernias or tumors). In the event that it becomes complicated with an established intestinal ischemia, its prognosis is further overshadowed by the possible consequences of a complex surgery, given the high risk of short bowel syndrome. Being a PEG probe carrier does not seem to be related to the picture.

Principales medidas de profilaxis en endoscopia bariátrica. Guía Española de Recomendación de Expertos / No disponible

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Main prophylactic measures in bariatric endoscopy. Spanish Expert Recommendations Guideline.

Bariatric endoscopy (BE) encompasses a number of techniques -some consolidated, some under development- aiming to contribute to the management of obese patients and their associated metabolic diseases as a complement to dietary and lifestyle changes. To date different intragastric balloon models, suture systems, aspiration methods, substance injections and both gastric and duodenal malabsorptive devices have been developed, as well as endoscopic procedures for the revision of bariatric surgery. Their ongoing evolution conditions a gradual increase in the quantity and quality of scientific evidence about their effectiveness and safety. Despite this, scientific evidence remains inadequate to establish strong grades of recommendation allowing a unified perspective on prophylaxis in BE. This dearth of data conditions leads, in daily practice, to frequently extrapolate the measures that are used in bariatric surgery (BS) and/or in general therapeutic endoscopy. In this respect, this special article is intended to reach a consensus on the most common prophylactic measures we should apply in BE. The methodological design of this document was developed while attempting to comply with the following 5 phases: Phase 1: delimitation and scope of objectives, according to the GRADE Clinical Guidelines. Phase 2: setup of the Clinical Guide-developing Group: national experts, members of the Grupo Español de Endoscopia Bariátrica (GETTEMO, SEED), SEPD, and SECO, selecting 2 authors for each section. Phase 3: clinical question form (PICO): patients, intervention, comparison, outcomes. Phase 4: literature assessment and synthesis. Search for evidence and elaboration of recommendations. Based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine classification, most evidence in this article will correspond to level 5 (expert opinions without explicit critical appraisal) and grade of recommendation C (favorable yet inconclusive recommendation) or D (inconclusive or inconsistent studies). Phase 5: External review by experts. We hope that these basic preventive measures will be of interest for daily practice, and may help prevent medical and/or legal conflicts for the benefit of patients, physicians, and BE in general.

To err is human: it is time to look forward in the management of Barrett's esophagus

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To err is human: it is time to look forward in the management of Barrett's esophagus.

We read with great interest the review article by Vicente Munitiz et al. on Barrett's esophagus (BE). We were perplexed by the superficial nature of the literature review and wish to highlight the serious bias and conflict of interest. The authors have been objective in communicating their previous work and have neglected seminal papers on the topic.

Documento español de consenso en endoscopia bariátrica. Parte 2. Tratamientos endoscópicos específicos / Spanish consensus document on bariatric endoscopy. Part 2: specific endoscopic treatments

Durante los últimos años estamos asistiendo a un importante incremento en el número y tipo de técnicas endoscópicas bariátricas: se han propuesto distintos modelos de balones, sistemas de suturas, inyección de sustancias, colocación de prótesis, etc. También se han incorporado técnicas endoscópicas de revisión para aquellos casos de pacientes intervenidos de cirugía bariátrica que presentan recuperación ponderal. Todo ello obliga a la necesidad de protocolizar, posicionar y regularizar todas estas técnicas, mediante un consenso que permita su aplicación clínica con el máximo rigor médico y evidencia científica disponibles. Tras editar una primera parte de Consideraciones Generales, en esta segunda revisaremos las indicaciones, metodología y resultados de cada una las principales técnicas que se realizan en nuestro país, con intención de establecer una base y unos requisitos mínimos que faciliten y favorezcan la correcta práctica diaria de estos procedimientos en las Unidades de Endoscopia Bariátrica

During the last years we have been witnessing a significant increase in the number and type of bariatric endoscopic techniques: we have different types of balloons, suture systems, injection of substances and malabsorptive prosthesis, etc. Also, some endoscopic revisional procedures for patients with weight regain after bariatric surgery have been incorporated. This makes it necessary to protocolize, position and regularize all these techniques, through a consensus that allows their clinical application with the maximum medical rigor and scientific evidence available

Spanish consensus document on bariatric endoscopy. Part 2: specific endoscopic treatments.

During the last years we have been witnessing a significant increase in the number and type of bariatric endoscopic techniques: we have different types of balloons, suture systems, injection of substances and malabsorptive prosthesis, etc. Also, some endoscopic revisional procedures for patients with weight regain after bariatric surgery have been incorporated. This makes it necessary to protocolize, position and regularize all these techniques, through a consensus that allows their clinical application with the maximum medical rigor and scientific evidence available.

Spanish Consensus Document on Bariatric Endoscopy. Part 1. General considerations.

Obesity is a chronic multifactorial, incurable, recurrent, and progressive disease associated with significant physical and psychological complications, and considerable morbidity and mortality. For this reason, the assessment, management, and follow-up of obese patients should take place in the setting of a multidisciplinary unit equipped with adequate human and structural resources. Medical treatment using hygienic-dietary measures, while indispensable, may be insufficient, and surgery, which is reserved for severe or morbid obesity, is not exempt from complications neither is to the liking of many patients. In this context three situations may be considered where endoscopic treatment, used as a supplementary strategy with few complications, contributes to benefit obese patients: first, in a subgroup of patients with grade-II overweight or non-morbid obesity where medical therapy alone failed or needs supplementation. Second, in patients with morbid obesity when surgery is rejected, is contraindicated, or entails excessive risk. Finally, in patients with superobesity who need to lose weight before bariatric surgery in order to reduce surgery-related morbidity and mortality. In this regard, the Spanish Task Force on Bariatric Endoscopy (Grupo Español de Trabajo para el Tratamiento Endoscópico del Metabolismo y la Obesidad, GETTEMO) have developed this Consensus Document to serve as practical guidance for all professionals involved in the endoscopic management of obesity, and to facilitate establishing a minimum set of requirements for the proper functioning of a bariatric endoscopy unit.

Contribution of intraoperative colonoscopy in a colorectal surgery unit.

OBJECTIVES: Intraoperative colonoscopy (IC) is routinely used in colorectal surgery procedures, both oncologic and benign ones. Despite its extensive use there is a lack of literature addressing this important issue. The aims of this paper are to determine the contributions of this tool, especially considering changes in attitude from preoperative designed intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of a prospective maintained database. Patients who underwent colorectal resection and IC during a four-year period (2009-2012). The indications for performing IC in our unit are: Incomplete preoperative colonoscopy, confirm the exact location of the tumor and polypectomy of any lesion distant from the planned resection segment. RESULTS: The success rate in performing IC is 100%, including 42% of them made trans-anastomotic. No postoperative complications that were attributable to the endoscopy were detected. Routine practice led to a change in attitude in 5% of the patients analyzed; 2% of the global sample corresponded to synchronous tumors finding. Of those patients in whom polypectomies where achieved during the procedure a 14.3% of potentially malignant lesions were resected. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative colonoscopy is a useful and safe tool that in view of these results should be taken into account at any colorectal surgery unit. Trans-anastomotic techniques do not raise morbidity.

Diagnóstico por endoscopia de los tumores neuroendocrinos del páncreas y del aparato digestivo / Endoscopic diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Los tumores gastroenteropancreáticos endocrinos (TEGEP) pertenecen al grupo de tumores neuroendocrinos. Los tumores TEGEP se diferencian, fundamentalmente, en 2 grupos: los tumores endocrinopancreáticos y los tumores carcinoides. En ambos grupos la sintomatología puede quedar producida por la producción de una hormona por el tumor. Por la localización de estos tumores, las diferentes técnicas de endoscopia digestiva juegan un papel fundamental en la localización, tipificación histológica y citológica, e incluso para su resección endoscópica. En el presente artículo se describen los distintos procedimientos endoscópicos disponibles que son útiles para la localización y el manejo de estos tumores (AU)

Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors can be broadly divided into two groups: pancreatic endocrine tumors and carcinoid tumors. In both types of tumor, patients can present with a clinical syndrome related to hormone secretion by the tumor. Due to the location of these tumors, the various endoscopic techniques play a major role in their localization and histological and cytological confirmation, and even in their endoscopic resection. The present article describes the endoscopic procedures available for the localization and management of these tumors (AU)